Extensive reading recommendations on SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19: all mechanisms (Part 3)

So much to it! A non-exhaustive overview of factors involved in COVID-19

ARDS-like
Co-aerosolized Pulmonary Surfactant and Ambroxol for COVID-19 ARDS Intervention: What are we waiting for?, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 25 September 2020;

Asymptomatic transmission
Asymptomatic patients as a source of COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis, International Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 98, P180-186, September 01, 2020;

Cardiopulmonary complications caused by COVID-19
The emerging spectrum of cardiopulmonary pathology of COVID-19: Report of 3 autopsies from Houston, Texas, and review of autopsy findings from other US cities, Cardiovascular Pathology 2020 September-October; 48: 107233;

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Interactions between Olfaction and the Trigeminal System: what can be learned from olfactory loss, Cerebral Cortex (Journal), Vol. 17, Issue 10, October 2007;
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation and its Modulation: Role in Atrial Fibrillation, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 23 January 2019;
Neurochemical evidence of astrocytic and neuronal injury commonly found in COVID-19, Neurology, September 22, 2020; 95(12);
New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 in 3 regions in China, Neurology, September 15, 2020; 95 (11);
Potential of SARS-CoV-2 to Cause CNS Infection: Biological Fundamental and Clinical Experience, Frontiers Neurology, 18 June 2020;
Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, Jama Neurology 2020; 77 (6):683-690;
Human Coronaviruses and Other Respiratory Viruses: Underestimated Opportunistic Pathogens of the Central Nervous System?, MDPI Viruses, 20 December 2019, Viruses 2020, 12(1), 14;
Neuromechanisms of SARS-CoV-2: A Review, Frontiers Neuroanatomy, 16 June 2020;
COVID-19: A Global Threat to the Nervous System (microthrombi and acute infarctions in the brain), Annals of Neurology Vol. 88, Issue 1, July 2020;
Involvement of the Nervous System in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Neurotoxicity Research 2020, May 13 :1-7;
The Neurology of COVID-19 revisited: A Proposal from the Environmental Neurology Specialty Group of the World Federation of Neurology to implement international neurological registries, Journal of Neurological Science 2020 July 15; 414: 116884;
Multiple Neuroinvasive Pathways in COVID-19, Molecular Neurobiology 2020 September 29: 1-12;
Coronavirus infection of the central nervous system: host-virus stand-off, Nature Reviews Microbiology 4, 121-132(2006);
Pathophysiology of the COVID-19- entry to the CNS through the nose, Acta Oto-Laryngologica Vol. 140, 2020, Issue 10;
COVID-19 associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) succesfully treated with steroids and polyvalent immunoglobulin with unusual IgG targeting the cerebral fibre network, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol. 91, Issue 9, 2020;
COVID-19-related acute necrotizing encephalopathy with brain stem involvement in a patient with aplastic anemia, Journal of Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, September 2020; 7(5);
Brain abnormalities in COVID-19 acute/subacute phase: A rapid systematic review, Brain Behavior and Immunology 2020 Oct; 89: 543-554;
Neuropathology of COVID-19: a spectrum of vascular and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM)-like pathology, Acta Neuropathologica 2020; 140(1): 1-6;

Coagulation
Anticoagulant treatment in COVID-19: a narrative review (in COVID-19 patients, thrombotic lesions in pulmonary vessels have a prevalence twice higher than in non-COVID-19 patients), Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2020, 18 August 2020;
Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in IC Unit: A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 7, July 2020, p1738-1742;

Cytokine storms/cascade/cytokine release syndrome
COVID-19: In the Eye of the Cytokine Storm, Frontiers Immunology, 24 September 2020;
T-Cell Hyperactivation and Paralysis in Severe COVID-19 Infection Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis, Frontiers Immunology, 08 October 2020;

Embolism
Occurrence of pulmonary embolism related to COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2020, 06 October 2020;
Acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 related hypercoagulability, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2020, 30 May 2020;
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis (22,7% of ICU patients and non-ICU patients), Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 25 September 2020;
Left ventricular thrombus and pulmonary embolism: A case series of thrombosis in COVID-19 in Thai patients, Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18 September 2020

Endothelium
The Enigma of Endothelium in COVID-19 (and sepsis), Frontiers in Physiology, 04 August 2020;

Long-term complications of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection
Anticipating the long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 50, 512-524(2020);
Long-Haul COVID, Neurology, September 29, 2020, 95 (13);

Markers to assess severity of COVID
Serum Activity of Liver Enzymes is Associated with Higher Mortality in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Frontiers in Medicine, 22 July 2020;
Specific coagulation markers may provide more therapeutic targets in COVID-19 patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulant (TPA, TAT and PAP), Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, p2428-2430;

Monocytes
Increased Serum Levels of sCD14 and sCD163 Indicate a Preponderant Role for Monocytes in COVID-19 Immunopathology, Frontiers Immunology, 23 September 2020;

Macrophages
Targeting Macrophages as a therapeutic option in COVID-19, Research Article to be published, Frontiers Pharmacology;

Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMPs)
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Inhibition Reduces Inflammation and Improves Motility in Murine Models of Post-Operative Ileus, Gastroentology 2011 Oct: 141(4): 1283-1292.e4.;

NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps) and neutrophil profiles
Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Drive Necroinflammation in COVID-19, MDPI Cells 2020, Jun; 9(6)1383;

Pathogenicity and structure of SARS-CoV-2
Free fatty acid binding pocket in the locked structure of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, AAAS 21 September 2020;
COVID-19 is Distinct from SARS-CoV-2 Negative Community Acquired Pneumonia (= COVID pneumonia differs from other pneumonias), Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 16 June 2020;
ACE2/ADAM17/TMPRSS2 Interplay May Be the Main Risk Factor for COVID-19, Frontiers in Immunology, 07 October 2020;
Host/genetic factors associated with COVID-19 call for medicine, Precision Clinical Medicine Vol. 3, Issue 3, September 2020, p228-234;
The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy, Critical Care 2020; 24: 360;

Red Blood Cells
Association of Red Blood Cell Distribution Width With Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Jama Critical Care, September 23, 2020;3(9);

Stroke as a frequent feature in COVID-19
Acute Ischemic Stroke and COVID-19: Experience from a Comprehensive Stroke Center in Midwest US, Frontiers in Neurology, 20 August 2020;
Stroke risk, phenotypes and death in COVID-19: Systematic review and newly reported cases, September 15, 2020;
Risk of Acute Cerebrovascular Events in patients with COVID-19 Infection (COVID-19-related stroke is not age or comorbidity related), American Journal of Neuroradiology, August 27, 2020;

T lymphocytes
Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19, Clinica Chimica Acta, Vol. 508, September 2020, p110-114;
Mapping the T cell response to COVID-19, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 5, Art. No. 112(2020);

Treatment of COVID-19
An open-label, randomized trial of the combination of IFN-k plus TFF2 (Treefoil Factor Family member 2) with standard care in the treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19, EClinicalMedicine, September 20, 2020;
Tripartite Combination of Candidate Pandemic Mitigation Agents: Vitamin D, Quercetin and Estradiol Manifest Properties of Medicinal Agents for Targeted Mitigation of the COVID-19 Pandemic Defined by Genomics-Guided Tracing of SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Human Cells, Biomedicines 2020 May; 8(5): 129;
Dupilumab and COVID-19: What should we expect?, Dermatologic Therapy Vol. 33, Issue 4, July/August 2020;
COVID-19-related encephalopathy responsive to high-dose glucocorticoids, Neurology September 22, 2020; 95(12);
How nicotine can inhibit cytokine storm in the lungs and prevent or lessen the severity of COVID-19 infection?, Immunology Letters Vol. 224, August 2020, p28-29;
Nicotine and the nicotinic cholinergic system in COVID-19, The FEBS Journal Vol. 287, Issue 17, September 2020, p3656-3663;
COVID-19 associated acute necrotizing encephalopathy succesfully treated with steroids and polyvalent immunoglobulin with unusual IgG targeting the cerebral fibre network, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry Vol. 91, Issue 9, 2020;
SARS-associated Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Protein Interacts with Smad3 and Modulates Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Signaling (and the role of PAI-1 in fibosis), Journal of Biological Chemistry, February 8, 2008, 283; 3772-3280;
Low mortality of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary Danish hospital setting, Internation Journal of Infectious Diseases, October 12, 2020;

Urokinase
Urokinase plasminogen activator independent early experimental thrombus resolution: MMP2 as an alternative mechanism, Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2010 Dec;104(6):1174-83;

Vitamin D Immunomodulation
A Basic Review of the Preliminary Evidence that COVID-19 Risk and Severity is Increased in Vitamin D Deficiency, Frontiers in Public Health, 10 September 2020;

Extensive reading recommendations on SARS-CoV-2/ COVID: all mechanisms involved (Part 2)

Mechanisms involved in SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19

It has been clear since the SARS epidemic of 2003 that coronavirus diseases caused by SARS-CoV infections are thromboinflammatory diseases. As of March 2020, when SARS-CoV-2 was politically (finally) declared a pandemic, COVID-19 was still treated like a main pulmonary disease. Reseachers have been pointing out that the underlying mechanisms are characterized by hyperinflammation, hypercoagulation, complement cascades and dysregulation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, ultimately leading to thromboembolic events in multiple organs (MOF), stroke and post-COVID systemic diseases, such as Guillain-Barré and cardiomyopathy. 

To provide a view into the complexity of COVID-19, I share with you the most prominent research papers on the mechanisms and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2. Some of the research papers of the biggest relevance for COVID-19 complications are as old as 60 years. This is why the paradigm should be that "Lots of the mechanisms causing COVID-19 are well-known, but we have to find the best practices to treat its complications".

I only refer to verified and reviewed research and scientific viewpoint papers citing verified references. If paper has already been peer reviewed but still awaitens the editory process (early release), I will mention this. To retrieve these papers from the PubMed/NCBI and Wiley database, I narrowed my search process to combinations of "SARS-CoV-2", "Thrombosis", "Pulmonary embolism", "Complement" and "Coagulation".

ACE and ACE2
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme defects in shock: implications for future therapy, Critical Care 22, Art. No. 274 (2018);

ADAM17
TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 Cleave ACE2 Differentially and Only Proteolysis by TMPRSS2 Augments Entry Driven by the SARS-Coronavirus Spike Protein, Journal of Virology, January 2014 Vol. 88, No. 2, P1293-1307;

Aquaporins
Aquaporin-mediated transport, Pathway R-HSA-445717, PubChem, 08 July 2020;

ARDS
Radiological findings from 81 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 20, Issue 4, P425-434;
The evolving role of the Renin-angiotensin system in ARDS, Critical Care 21, Art. No. 329 (2017);

Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection, NEJM 2020; 383:885-886, August 27, 2020;

B- and T-cell immunological memory (CD4+ and CD8+)
COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity, JAMA, September 11, 2020;
Depletion of CD4 and CD8 Positive T Cells Impairs Venous Thrombus Resolution in Mice, MDPI International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020 March;21(5): 1650;

Call for better screening
Pathophysiological Basis and Rationale for Early Outpatient Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection, The American Journal of Medicine, August 06, 2020;

Cardiovascular complications
Outcomes of Cardiovascular MRI in Patients Recently Recovered from COVID-19 (coronavirus causes myocardial inflammation independent of preexisting conditions), JAMA Cardiology, July 27, 2020;

Coagulation
Immunothrombotic Dysregulation in COVID-19 Pneumonia is Associated with Respiratory Failure and Coagulopathy, Journal of Circulation, 28 July 2020;
Coagulation biomarkers are independent predictors of increased oxygen requirements in COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 17 August 2020;
Coagulation parameters and venous thromboembolism in patients with and without COVID-19 admitted to the Emergency Department for acute respiratory insufficiency, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P209-212, December 2020;

Complement
Association of COVID-19 inflammation with activation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis, Nature 2020, 29 July 2020;
COVID-19: A collision of complement, coagulation and inflammatory pathways, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, P2110-2117;

Comparative tropism and transmission (profiling of SARS-CoV-2)
Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, Science 21 July 2020;
Coronavirus surprise from cryo-EM data, Wiley Analytical Science, 22 July 2020;
Single-Cell Sequencing of Peripheral Mononuclear Cells Reveals Distinct Immune Response Landscapes of COVID-19 and Influenza Patients, Immunity Vol. 53, Issue 3, 15 September 2020, P685-696;
Enhanced Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor by Distal Polybasic Cleavage Site, ACS Nano 2020, 14, 8, 10616-10623;
Enhanced receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 through networks of hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the US (PNAS) June 23, 2020 117 (25), 13967-13974;
Pathogenicity, Transmission, Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19, JAMA 2020;324(8):782-793;
Risk of Ischemic Strole in Patients with COVID-19 vs. Patients With Influenza, JAMA Neurology, July 2, 2020;

Central Nervous System (CNS) complications
A case of malignant cerebral infarction associated with COVID-19 infection, British Journal of Neurosurgery, 05 August 2020;

Critical Care
Association of Noninvasive Oxygenation Strategies with All-Cause Mortality in Adults with Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: A Systematic Review and Analysis, JAMA 2020;324(1):57-67;
Anti Xa activity after high dose Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) thrombosis prophypaxis in COVID-19 patients at the IC Unit, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P1-3, December 01, 2020;
Impact of implementation of an individualised thromboprophylaxis protocol in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19: A longitudinal controlled before and after study, Thrombosis Research Vol. 194, October 2020, P209-215;
Scientific and Standardization Committee communication: Clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 8, August 2020, P1859-1865;
Inaccuracy of point-of-care international normalized ratio in Rivaroxaban-treated patients, Annals of Pharmacotherapy Vol. 47, Issue 9, September 1, 2013;
How I treat recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy, Blood Vol. 129, Issue 25, June 22, 2017;

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Deep vein thrombosis in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia-affected patients within standard care units: Exploring a submerged portion of the iceberg, Thrombosis Research Vol. 194, October 2020, P216-219;
Incidence of deep vein thrombosis among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020;

DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy) and differentiations of DIC
Clotting abnormalities in critically ill COVID-19 patients are inconsistent with overt Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P272-275, December 01, 2020;
Higher procoagulatory potential but lower DIC score in COVID-19 ARDS patients compared to non-COVID-19 ARDS patients, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P186-192, December 01, 2020;

Endothelialitis/Endotheliitis
Pulmonary Vascular Endothelialitis, Thrombosis and Angiogenesis in COVID-19, New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) 2020; 383:120-128, July 9, 2020;

Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolytic abnormalities in ARDS and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 7, July 2020;
Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in SARS-CoV-2 associated thrombosis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020;

Interferons (IFN)
Role of IFN-γ responsiveness in CD8 T cell-mediated viral clearance and demyelination in coronavirus-infected mice, Journal of Neuroimmunology 2008 February; 194(1): 18-26;
Type I and Type III Interferons- Induction, Signaling, Evasion and Application to combat COVID-19, Cell Host & Microbe Vol. 27, Issue 6, p870-878, June 10, 2020;

Megakaryocytes
Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: A case series, EClinicalMedicine Vol. 24, 100434, July 01, 2020;

Monocytes
Monocyte activation in systemic COVID-19 infection: Assay and rationale, EBioMedicine Vol. 59, 102964, September 01, 2020;

Neutrophils and NETs (& platelet interaction)
Immunothrombosis in severe COVID-19, EBioMedicine Vol. 59, 102942, September 01, 2020;

Pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2: PROS1 and PL proteins
Identification of the antithrombotic protein S as a potential target of the SARS-CoV-2 palpain-like protease, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P257-259, December 01, 2020;

Pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2: RNA and Spike protein
Circulating endothelial progenitors are increased in COVID-19 patients and correlate with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in severe cases, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 06 August 2020;
Cleavage of spike protein of SARS coronavirus by protease factor Xa is associated with viral infectivity, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2007, July 20; 359(1): 174-179;

Platelets
Intravascular Platelet Aggregation in the Heart Induced by Norepinephrine, Journal of Circulation, 1972;46:698-708;
Platelet protein S limits venous but not arterial thrombosis propensity by controlling coagulation in the thrombus, Blood Vol. 135, Issue 22, May 28, 2020;

Pulmonary Embolism
Subsegmental Thrombus in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Immunothrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism? Data Analysis of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease, Heart, Lung and Circulation, 24 August 2020;
Late Pulmonary Embolism after COVID-19 Pneumonia Despite Adequate Rivaroxaban Treatment, European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine Vol. 7, No. 7, June 18, 2020;

Pyroptosis
Inflammasomes and Pyroptosis as Therapeutic Targets for COVID-19, The Journal of Immunology Vol. 205, Issue 2, 15 July 2020, P307-312;

RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone) - KKS (Kallikrein-Kinin), Angiotensins and Bradykinin
Involvement of bradykinin B1 and B2 receptors in human PMN elastase release and increase in endothelial cell monolayer permeability, Immunopharmacology, 1996 June;33(1-3):325-9;
The Renin-Angiotensin System: An integrated view of lung disease and coagulopathy in COVID-19 and therapeutic implications, Journal of Experimental Medicine (2020) 217 (8):e20201000;
The evolving role of the Renin-angiotensin system in ARDS, Critical Care 21, Art. No. 329 (2017);

Stroke (and prevalence in young people due to SARS-CoV-2 infection)
Acute cerebral stroke with multiple infarctions and COVID-19, France, 2020, CDC Research Vol. 26, No. 9, September 2020;
A case of malignant cerebral infarction associated with COVID-19 infection, British Journal of Neurosurgery, 05 August 2020;
COVID-19 related stroke in young individuals, Lancet Neurology Vol. 19, Issue 9, P713-715, September 01, 2020;
Risk of Ischemic Strole in Patients with COVID-19 vs. Patients With Influenza, JAMA Neurology, July 2, 2020;
Stroke as a complication and prognostic factor of COVID-19, Neurologia Vol. 35, Issue 5, June 2020, P318-322;
Mechanisms of Stroke in COVID-19, Cerebrovascular Diseases Vol. 49, No. 4,  September 2020;

Systemic diseases following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases following COVID-19, Nature Reviews Rheumatology 16, 413-414(2020);

Thrombosis
Arterial Mesentric Thrombosis as a Complication of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine 2020; 7(5): 001690;
Multisystemic Infarctions in COVID-19: Focus on the Spleen, European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine 2020; 7(7): 001747;
Clotting abnormalities in critically ill COVID-19 patients are inconsistent with overt Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P272-275, December 01, 2020;
Asymptomatic Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) in critically ill COVID-19 patients despite therapeutic levels of anti-Xa activity, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P268-271, December 01, 2020;
Extensive pulmonary perfusion defects compatible with microthrombosis and thromboembolic disease in severe COVID-19 pneumonia, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P135-137, December 01, 2020;
Systemic thromboemboli in patients with COVID-19 may result from paradoxical embolization, Thrombosis Research Vol. 196, P206-208, December 01, 2020;
Circulating endothelial progenitors are increased in COVID-19 patients and correlate with SARS-CoV-2 RNA in severe cases, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 06 August 2020;
Thromboembolic events and apparent heparin resistance in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, International Journal of Laboratory Hematology 2020 June;42:19-20;

Treatment/therapeutic options for treating COVID
Treatment of patients with acute Deep Vein Thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism: efficacy and safety of non-VKA oral anti-coagulants in selected populations, Thrombosis Research Vol. 134, Issue 2, p227-233, August 01, 2014;
Ig-like ACE2 protein therapeutics: a revival in development during a pandemic, Journal of mAbs (antibodies) Vol. 12, Issue 1, December 2020;
Therapeutic blockade of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in COVID-19 associated hyperinflammation: challenges and opportunities, Lancet Respiratory Medicine Vol. 8, Issue 8, p822-830, August 2020;
Fibrinolytic abnormalities in ARDS and versatility of thrombolytic drugs to treat COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 7, July 2020;
Dynamic changes in fibrinogen and D-dimer levels in COVID-19 patients on nafamostat mesylate, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2020, 12 September 2020 (note: trial from Tokyo Hospital, coagulation dynamics might differ in non-Asian people);
Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent ARDS, Radboud UMC, April 27, 2020;
Accumulating evidence suggests anti-TNF therapy needs to be given trial priority in COVID-19 treatment, Lancet Rheumatology, September 04, 2020;
GM-CSF Blockade during Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Reduces Cytokine Release Syndrome and Neurotoxicity and May Enhance Their Effector Functions, ASH Blood Vol. 132, November 29, 2018;
GM-CSF Neutralization With Lenzilumab in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 03 September 2020;
Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe ARDS and COVID-19: the CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, September 2, 2020;
Effect of Hydrocortisone Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinial Trial, JAMA, September 2, 2020;
The Role of Anticoagulation in COVID-19 Induced Hypercoagulability, Current Cardiology Reports 22, Art. No. 53(2020);

Viral load and antibody responses
Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study, Lancet Infectious Diseases Vol. 20, Issue 5, P565-574;