Welcome to my updated Library of SARS-CoV-2/ COVID-19 Research Articles! The COVID Collection is my hand-picked collection of verified and critically reviewed research papers. This Collection focuses on Long COVID/Post COVID Syndrome, mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular mimicry.
ACE2 Gateway
ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2, Cell & Bioscience 2020;10: 148;
Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity, Biomedical Pharmacotherapy 2021 May; 137;
Inflammation Triggered by SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 Augment Drives Multiple Organ Failure (MOF) of Severe COVID-19: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications, Inflammation 2021;44(1);
Antibodies against the prefusion Spike protein
Longitudinal antibody repertoire in "mild" versus "severe" COVID-19 patients reveals immune markers associated with disease severity and resolution, Science Advances Vol. 7, no. 10, 3 March 2021;
Autophagy
Coronavirus interactions with the cellular autophagy machinery, Autophagy 2020; 16(12);
The Roles of Ubiquitin in Mediating Autophagy, Cells 2020 Sep; 9(9): 2025;
Cathepsin L and SARS-CoV inhibition
Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent SARS coronavirus entry, PNAS 2005 Aug 16; 102(33);
Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2021; 6:134;
Disease progression
Anatomical and Pathological Observation and Analysis of SARS and COVID-19: Microthrombosis is the Main Cause of Death, Biological Procedures Online 2021; 23: 4;
Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Tropism in the Lungs, Airways and Vascular Endothelium of Patients with Fatal COVID-19: An Autopsy Case Series, Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 223, Issue 5, 1 March 2021, P752-764;
SARS-CoV-2: a Systemic Infection, Clinical Microbiology Reviews;
Preventing the development of severe COVID-19 by modifying immunothrombosis, Life Sciences 2021 Jan 1; 264;
Discriminating mild from critical COVID-19 by innate and adaptive immune single-cell profiling of bronchoalveolar lavages, Cell Research Vol. 31, 2021;
COVID-19 induces a hyperactive phenotype in circulating platelets, PLOS Biology, February 17, 2021;
Do COVID-19 Infections Result in a Different Form of Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis?, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2021 Mar; 22(6);
Silent Hypoxemia Leads to Vicious Cycle of Infection, Coagulopathy and Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Can Prophylactic Oxygen Therapy Prevent It?, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 15 March 2021;
EGFR hyperactivity
Overactive Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling Leads to Fibrosis after SARS-CoV Infection, Journal of Virology 2017 Jun 15;91(12): e00182-17;
EGFR-induced cell migration is mediated predominantly by the JAK-STAT pathway in primary esophageal keratinocytes, Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology Vol. 287, Issue 6, December 2004;
Epithelial Cells and viral entry
Innate
Immune Signaling and Proteolytic Pathways in the Resolution of
Exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19: Key Therapeutic Targets?, Frontiers in Immunology 2020; 11;
Alveolar epithelial cell type II as main target of SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 development via NF-kB pathway deregulation: A physiopathological theory, Medical Hypotheses 2021 Jan; 146;
Fibroproliferative profile in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
The fibroproliferative response in ARDS: mechanisms and clinical significance, European Respiratory Journal 2014; 43: 276-285;
Glycocalyx function (Endothelial Glycocalyx)
Glycocalyx sialic acids regulate Nrf2-mediated signaling by fluid shear stress in endothelial cells, Redox Biology 2021 Jan; 38;
Derangement of the endothelial glycocalyx in sepsis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 17, Issue 2, January 2019;
Histamine H2 receptor activation exacerbates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by disturbing mitochondrial and endothelial function, Basic Research in Cardiology Vol. 108, art. no. 342 (2013);
Hijacking of the host cells
The Global Phosphorylation Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Cell 2020 Aug 6; 182(3);
IFN-interference and IFN-interaction
Potential Therapeutic Role of Purinergic Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by SARS-CoV-2, Journal of Immunological Research 2020;2020: 8632048;
Synergism of TNF-a and IFN-y Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes, Cell Vol. 184, Issue 1, 7 January 2021, p149-168;
ACE2: the molecular doorway to SARS-CoV-2, Cell & Bioscience 2020;10: 148;
Genomic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 uncovers an Nsp-1 deletion variant that modulates type I Interferon response, Cell Host Microbe 2021 Mar 10; 29(3);
Papain-like protease (pLO) regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral spread and innate immunity (GRL-0617), Nature 2020 Nov 1; 587(7835);
Immunity suppression by SARS-Coronaviruses
The Conserved Coronavirus Macrodomain Promotes Virulence and Suppresses the Innate Immune Response during Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection, mBio 2016 Nov-Dec;7(6);
Structural similarity-based prediction of host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 28 Jan 2021;
ORF6 prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation in response to interferon signaling, thus blocking the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that display multiple antiviral activities. Suppresses IFN-beta production possibly by blocking IRF3 nuclear translocation;
Mechanisms of Coronavirus Nsp-1-Mediated Control of Host and Viral Gene Expression, Cells 2021 Feb; 10(2);
The viral protein NSP1 acts as a ribosome gatekeeper for shutting down host translation and fostering SARS-CoV-2 translation, RNA 2021 Mar; 27(3);
An abberant STAT pathway is central to COVID-19, Cell Death & Differentiation 2020 Oct 9;
Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2, Science 2020 Sep 4;
Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2, Nature Communications 2020; 11;
SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and ORF6 function as potent interferon antagonists, Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020; 9(1);
SARS-CoV-2 dependence on host pathways, Science Vol. 371, Issue 6532, 26 Feb 2021;
Immune and inflammatory profile
Longitudinal Multi-omics Analyses Identify Responses of Megakaryocytes, Erythroid Cells and Plasmablasts as Hallmarks of Severe COVID-19, Immunity Vol. 53, Issue 6, 15 December 2020;
The pulmonary pathology of COVID-19, Virchows Archiv 2021; 478(1);
Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity, Cell 2020 Nov 12; 183(4);
The pro-inflammatory cytokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis: what goes wrong?, Microbial Pathogenesis 2021 Apr; 153;
Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, Cell Review Vol. 184, Issue 4, P861-880;
SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Exploit Host's Genetic and Epigenetic Mediators for the Annexation of Key Host Signaling Pathways, Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 2020;7;
SARS-CoV-2 Causes a Different Cytokine Response Compared to Other Cytokine Storm-Causing Respiratory Viruses in Severely Ill Patients, Frontiers in Immunology 2021; 12;
Pyroptotic macrophages stimulate the SARS-CoV-2-associated cytokine storm, Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021, 19 March 2021;
Targeting pivotal inflammatory pathways in COVID-19: A mechanistic review, European Journal of Pharmacology 2021 Jan 5; 890;
COVID-19 induces a hyperactive phenotype in circulating platelets, PLOS Biology, 17 February 2021;
High dimensional profiling identifies specific immune types along the recovery trajectories of critically ill COVID-19 patients, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences (2021), 13 March 2021;
Inflammasomes are activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with COVID-19 severity in patients, (Caspase-1, IL-1beta, IL-18 and NLRP3), JEM 2021 Mar 1; 218(3);
A neutrophil activation signature predicts critical illness and mortality in COVID-19, Blood Advances Vol. 5, Issue 5, March 9 2021;
Iron
COVID-19 as part of the hyperferritinemic syndromes: the role of iron depletion, Immunologic Research 2020; 68(4): 213-224;
COVID-19 gone bad: A new character in the spectrum of the hyperferritinemic syndrome?, Autoimmune Review 2020 Jul; 19(7);
Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients' performance: a prospective observational cohort study, Respiratory Research 2020; 21: 276;
Increased Serum Levels of Hepcidin and Ferritin are Associated with Severity of COVID-19, Medical Science Monitor 2020;26;
Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis, European Journal of Epidemiology 2020;35(8): 763-773;
Severe COVID-19, Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Hyperferritinemic Syndrome. An Immunomodulatory Perspective to Alleviate the Storm, Frontiers in Immunology 2020;11: 1130;
The hyperferritinemic Syndrome: macrophage activation syndrome (MAS), Still's disease, septic shock and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, BMC Medicine 2013; 11: 185;
The Role of Methemoglobin and Carboxyhemoglobin in COVID-19: A Review, Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021 Jan; 10(1): 50;
Kinetensin induction of histamines
ACE2 in the second act of COVID-19 syndrome: Peptide dysregulation and possible correction with oestrogen, Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2021 Feb; 33(2);
Less obvious pathways
Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19, Journal of Autoimmunity 2020 Nov; 114 (IL-7 and p53 are important markers);
Lung epithelial cells: therapeutically inducible effectors of antimicrobial defense, Mucosal Immunology 2018 Jan;11(1): 21-34;
Correlation between early plasma Interleukin-37 responses with low inflammatory cytokine levels and benign clincial outcomes in SARS-CoV-2, Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 223, Issue 4, 15 February 2021;
Computationally predicted SARS-CoV-2 encoded microRNAs target NFKB, JAK/STAT and TGFB signaling pathways, Gene Rep. 2021 Mar; 22;
Long COVID/Long haulers
Deleterious Outcomes in Long-Hauler COVID-19: The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the CNS in chronic COVID Syndrome, ACS Chemical Neuroscience 2020 Dec 16;11(24);
SARS-CoV-2 Impact on the Central Nervous System: Are Astrocytes and Microglia Main Players or Merely Bystanders?, ASN Neuro 2020 Jan-Dec; 12;
The SARS-CoV-2 as an instrumental trigger of autoimmunity, Autoimmunity Reviews 2021 Apr; 20(4);
Sustained prothrombotic changes in COVID-19 patients 4 months after hospital discharge, Blood Advances Vol. 5, Issue 3, February 9 2021;
Matrix Metalloproteases- SARS-CoV-interaction
A SARS-CoV-2-human metalloproteome interaction map, J Inorg. Biochem 2021 Jun; 219;
Mitochondrial function
Potential Therapeutic Role of Purinergic Receptors in Cardiovascular Disease Mediated by SARS-CoV-2, Journal of Immunological Research 2020;2020: 8632048;
Inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 pathophysiology: proteinase-activated and purinergic receptors as drivers and candidate therapeutic targets, Physiological Reviews Vol. 101, Issue 2, April 2021, P545-567;
Spotlight on vitamin D receptor, lipid metabolism and mitochondria: Some preliminary emerging issues, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Vol. 450, 15 July 2017, P24-31;
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 Regulates Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption and Dynamics in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells, Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 291, Issue 3, 15 January 2016;
Decoding SARS-CoV-2 hijacking of host mitochondria in COVID-19, Cell Physiology Vol. 319, Issue 2, August 2020;
Mitochondrial-targeted ubiquinone (MitoQ): a potential treatment for COVID-19, Medical Hypotheses Vol. 144, November 2020;
Mitochondria Targeted Viral Replication and Survival Strategies- Prospective on SARS-CoV-2, Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020;11;
SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses negatively influence mitochondrial quality control: beneficial effects of melatonin, Pharmacological Therapy, 2021 Aug;224;
Mitochondria as Targets for Endothelial Protection in COVID-19, Frontiers in Physiology, 19 November 2020;
Mitochondria and microbiota dysfunction in COVID-19 pathogenesis, Mitochondrion Vol. 54, September 2020, P1-7;
Picking up a Fight: Fine Tuning Mitochondrial Innate Immune Defenses Against RNA Viruses, Frontiers in Microbiology 2020; 11: 1990;
Mitochondria: In the Cross Fire of SARS-CoV-2 and Immunity, iScience 2020 Oct 23;23(10);
The
Conserved Coronavirus Macrodomain Promotes Virulence and Suppresses the
Innate Immune Response during Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus Infection, mBio 2016 Nov-Dec;7(6);
SARS-CoV-2 infection and thrombotic complications: a narrative review, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2021;
Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity, Biomedical Pharmacotherapy 2021 May; 137;
Antibody-induced procoagulant platelets in severe COVID-19, Platelets and Thrombopoiesis Vol. 137, Issue 8, February 25 2021;
T-Cell Hyperactivation and Paralysis in Severe COVID-19 Infection Revealed by Single-Cell Analysis, Frontiers in Immunology, 08 October 2020;
Dysregulation of Cell Signaling by SARS-CoV-2, Trends in Microbiology Vol. 29, Issue 3, March 2021;
COVID-19, microthromboses, inflammation and platelet activating factor, BioFactors Vol. 46, Issue 6, Nov/Dec 2020;
Molecular Mimicry and Molecular Chaperones
Human molecular chaperones share with SARS-CoV-2 antigenic epitopes potentially capable of eliciting autoimmunity against endothelial cells: possible role of molecular mimicry in COVID-19, Cell Stress Chaperones 2020 Sep; 25(5): 737-741;
Is COVID-19 a proteiform disease, inducing also molecular mimicry phenomena?, Cell Stress Chaperones 2020 May; 25(3): 381-382;
Molecular mimicry may explain multi-organ damage in COVID-19, Autoimmunity Reviews 2020 Aug; 19(8);
Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory pacemaker neurons, Autoimmunity Reviews 2020 Jul; 19(7);
Is molecular mimicry the culprit in the autoimmune haemolytic anaemia affecting patients with COVID-19?, British Journal of Haematology Vol. 190, Issue 2, July 2020;
Does SARS-CoV-2 Trigger Stress-Induced Autoimmunity by Molecular Mimicry? A Hypothesis, Journal of Clinical Medicine 2020 Jul;9(7);
From anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immune Responses to COVID-19 via Molecular Mimicry, Antibodies Journal 2020 Sep;9(3): 33;
The Infectious Origin of the Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (Molecular Mimicry), Infection and Autoimmunity (Second Edt, Chapter 40), 2015, p681-696;
NLRP3 (inflammasome)
Reduced intracellular antioxidant capacity in platelets contributes to primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) via ROS-NLRP3-caspase-1 pathway, Thrombosis Research Vol. 199, March 01, 2021;
Silent
Hypoxemia Leads to Vicious Cycle of Infection, Coagulopathy and
Cytokine Storm in COVID-19: Can Prophylactic Oxygen Therapy Prevent It?, Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry, 15 March 2021;
Heterogenous NLRP3 inflammasome signature in circulating myeloid cells as a biomarker of COVID-19 severity, Blood Advances: Clinical Trials and Observations Vol. 5, Issue 5, March 9, 2021;
Nrf2
Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19: time for research to develop adaptation strategies, Clinical and Translational Allergy 10, Art. no. 58(2020);
Glycocalyx sialic acids regulate Nrf2-mediated signaling by fluid shear stress in endothelial cells, Redox Biology 2021 Jan; 38;
Open Reading Frames of the SARS-Coronaviruses (ORFs)
SARS-Coronavirus open reading frame-9b suppresses innate immunity by targeting mitochondria and the MAVS/TRAF3/TRAF6 Signalosome, Journal of Immunology Vol. 193, Issue 6, 15 September 2014;
Structural similarity-based prediction of host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 28 Jan 2021;
Accurate Diagnosis of COVID-19 by a Novel Immunogenic Secreted SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 Protein, mBio 2020 Sep-Oct; 11(5);
Autophagosome maturation stymied by SARS-CoV-2 (ORF3a interferes with Homotypic Fusion and Protein Sorting (HOPS)), Developmental Cell 2021 Feb 22; 56(4);
ORF3a of the COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2 blocks HOPS complex-mediated assembly of the SNARE complex required for autolysosome formation, Developmental Cell 2021 Feb 22; 56(4);
The ORF6, ORF8 and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2 inhibit type I inferferon signaling pathway, Virus Research Vol. 286, September 2020;
ROS
Lung epithelial cells: therapeutically inducible effectors of antimicrobial defense, Mucosal Immunology 2018 Jan;11(1): 21-34;
Therapeutic targets
D-Limonene is a Potential Monoterpene to Inhibit PI3K/Akt/IKK-alpha/NF-kB p65 Signaling Pathway in COVID Pulmonary Fibrosis, Frontiers in Medicine 2021; 8;
Mitochondrial-targeted ubiquinone (MitoQ): a potential treatment for COVID-19, Medical Hypotheses Vol. 144, November 2020;
A dietary pattern derived using B-vitamins and its relationship with vascular markers over the life course, Clinical Nutrition Vol. 38, Issue 3, June 2019;
Valsartan attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by inhibition of NF-kB expression and regulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines, Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology Vol. 40, Issue 3, 2018;
Intermediate-dose anticoagulation, aspirin, and in-hospital mortality in COVID-19: A prospensity score-matched analysis, American Journal of Hematology Vol. 96, Issue 4, 1 April 2021;
Exploring the magic bullets to identify Achilles' heel in SARS-CoV-2: Delving deeper into the sea of possible therapeutic options: An update, Food Chemical Toxicology 2021 Jan; 147;
A noncovalent class of papain-like protease/deubiquitinase inhibitors blocks SARS replication, PNAS 2008, Oct 21; 105(42);
Innate Immune Signaling and Proteolytic Pathways in the Resolution of Exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19: Key Therapeutic Targets?, Frontiers in Immunology 2020; 11;
Actionable Cytopathogenic Host Responses of Human Alveolar Type 2 (AT2) Cells to SARS-CoV-2, Molecular Cell 2020 Dec 17; 80(6);
Identification of antivirla antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing, Biochemical Biophysical Respiratory Commun 2021 Jan 29; 538;
COVID-19, cytokines, inflammation and spices: How are they related?, Life Sciences 2021 Feb 16;
Hydrogen sulfide reduces cell adhesion and relevant inflammatory triggering by preventing ADAM17-dependent TNF-α activation, Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Vol. 114, Issue 7, July 2013;
Could shear stress mimetics delay complications in COVID-19?, Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 27 January 2021;
Study shows blood clot risk factors, anticoagulation benefits in discharged COVID patients, Northwell Health, April 7, 2021;
Post-Discharge Thromboembolic Outcomes and Mortality of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: the CORE-19 Registry, Blood April 6, 2021;
Complete recovery from COVID-19 of a kidney-pancreas transplant recipient: potential benefit of everolimus?, BMJ Case Reports 2021; 14(1);
Demystifying Excess Immune Response in COVID-19 to Reposition an Orphan Drug for Down-Regulation of NF-kB: A Systematic Review, Viruses 2021 Mar; 13(3): 378;
Scope of adjuvant therapy using roflumimast against COVID-19, Pulmonary Pharmacology Therapy 2021 Feb;66;
Timing of Corticosteroids in COVID-19, Clinical Trial NCT04530409. The sickest patients with COVID-19 suffer a hyperinflammatory state-a
cytokine storm-that has features in common with a rare haematological
condition called haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. The 3C-like proteinase on SARS-CoV-2 (nsp5) inhibits HDAC2 transport
into the nucleus, and so impairs the way in which it mediates
inflammation and cytokine responses, so activation of histone
deacetylase by dexamethasone may directly oppose the action of
SARS-CoV-2.
Ubiquitination hijacking by SARS-CoV-2
A SARS-CoV-2 Protein Interaction Map Reveals Targets for Drug-Repurposing, Nature 2020 Jul; 583(7816): 459-468;
Vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) COVID-19 Vaccination, NEJM April 9, 2021;
Preprints
High-content screening of coronavirus genes for innate immune suppression reveals enhanced potency of SARS-CoV-2 proteins, MedRxiv 02 March 2021;
Elevated Activin A and FLRG correlate with the worst outcomes in COVID-19 patients and can be induced by cytokines via the IKK/NF-kB pathway, MedRxiv 08 February 2021;
