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| Haemostasis and vasculature: COVID-19 characterized by thrombosis and hypercoagulability |
Below is a classic collection of verified and updated thrombosis research. I have selected sources that are applicable to COVID-19 as well as to mechanisms of coagulopathy in general.
ADAMTS-13's failure to cut Von Willebrand Factor (VWF)
ADAMTS13 activity, Von Willebrand Factor, Factor VIII and D-dimers in COVID-19 inpatients, Thrombosis Research 2020 Aug; 192: 174-175;
Targeting VWF levels and macrophage activation in severe COVID-19: Consider low volume plasma exchange and low dose steroid, Thrombosis Research 2020 Aug; 192:2;
Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid) use and cardiovascular management of COVID-19
Apirin Use is Associated with Decreased Mechanical Ventilation, ICU Admission, and In-Hospital Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19, Anesthesia & Analgesia: October 21, 2020;
Is Acetylsalicylic Acid a Safe and Potentially Useful Choice for Adult Patients with COVID-19?, Drugs 80, 1383-1396(2020);
Antiviral agents and interaction with anticoagulant drugs
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) plasma levels' striking increase in severe COVID-19 patients treated with antiviral agents: The Cremona experience, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis 2020 May 6;
Capillary hypertension
Effect of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Pulmonary Circulation. The Particular Scenario of Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension, Diagnostics (Basel) 2020 Aug; 10(8): 548;
Cardiovascular complications in COVID-19
Right Atrial Thrombus in Transient in a COVID-19 Patient: Clinical Echocardiographic Features--Case Report and Literature Review, SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 2020 Oct 8: 1-3;
Cardiovascular Implications of Patients with COVID-19, JAMA Cardiology 2020 Jul;5(7):1-8;
Coronavirus and Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Injury and Arrhytmia (all factors explained), JACC 2020 Oct 27; 76(17): 2011-2023;
COVID-19, myocardial edema and dexamethasone, Medical Hypotheses Vol. 145, December 2020;
Rescue venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after cardiac arrest in COVID-19 myopericarditis, Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine, 30 September 2020;
Acute myocardial injury is common in patients with COVID-19 and impairs their prognosis, BMJ Heart 2020 Aug; 106(15): 1154-1159;
COVID-19 Coagulopathy (CAC)
Coagulopathy in COVID-19: Focus on vascular thrombotic events, Journal of Molecular Cell Cardiology 2020 Sep; 146: 32-40;
SARS-CoV-2 and coagulation disorders in different organs, Life Science 2020 Nov 1; 260: 118431;
The coagulopathy, endotheliopathy and vasculitis of COVID-19, Inflammation Research 2020 Sep 12: 1-9;
Coagulopathy in COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, p2103-2109;
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome is a Major Contributor to COVID-19-Associated Coagulopathy, Circulation 2020 Aug 11; 142(6): 611-614 (Note: PAI-1 and procoagulants are significantly elevated in COVID-19 as compared to other viruses);
Comment: checking for hyperhomocysteinemia in COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 08 October 2020;
Pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19 pneumonia, Lancet Rheumatology Vol. 2, Issue 8, E458, August 01, 2020;
The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy, Critical Care 2020; 24: 360;
Coagulation markers
Specific coagulation markers may provide more therapeutic targets in COVID-19 patients receiving prophylactic anticoagulant (thrombin-antithrombin complex levels, TAT and plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP)), Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, p2428-2430;
COVID-19 thrombotic activity: pathogenesis of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2
Characterization of heparin and SARS-CoV-2 Spike glycoprotein binding interactions, Antiviral Research Vol. 181, September 2020, 104873;
Multifactorial pathogenesis of COVID-19-related coagulopathy. Can defibrotide have a role in the early phases of coagulation disorders?, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 21 July 2020;
Thrombotic Complications in Patients with COVID-19: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment, Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy Journal 2020 Oct 19: 1-15;
Pulmonary Arterial Thrombosis in COVID-19: Results from a Prospective, Single-Center, Clinicopathologic Case Series, Annals of Internal Medicine 2020 May 14;
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
Incidence of deep vein thrombosis among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, p2358-2363;
Response to: Incidence of DVT among non-ICU patients hospitalized for COVID-19 despite thromboprophylaxis: hypoxia as a clinically relevant risk for DVT needs further investigation;
Embolism
Late Pulmonary Embolism after COVID-19 Pneumonia Despite Adequate Rivaroxaban Treatment, European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine 2020; 7(7): 001790;
Pulmonary embolism: A complication of COVID-19 infection, Thrombosis Research 2020 Sep; 193: 79-82;
A Review of Venous Thromboembolism Phenomena in COVID-19 Patients, Current Problems in Cardiology 2020 Aug 28; 100692;
Pulmonary embolism in acute medicine: a case-based review incorporating latest guidelines in the COVID-19 era, British Journal of Hospital Medicine Vol. 81, Issue 6, 2 June 2020;
Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With COVID-19: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence (thrombosis in coronavirus is similar to SARS-1 (2003), differs from influenza; low incidence of DVT suggests pulmonary thrombosis rather than embolism), Circulation, Vol. 142, Issue 2, July 14, 2020;
COVID-19 Complicated by Acute Pulmonary Embolism, Radiology: Cardiothroracic Imaging Vol. 2, nr. 2, 2020;
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Chest Journal, August 26, 2020;
Fibrinolysis
Fibrinolysis and COVID-19: A plasmin paradox, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 9, September 2020, p2118-2122;
Study of alteplase for respiratory failure in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Study design of the phase IIa STARS trial, Journal of Research and Practice in thrombosis and haemostasis Vol. 4, Issue 6, August 2020, p984-996;
Hypercoagulability
In vitro hypercoagulability and ongoing in vivo activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in COVID-19 patients on anticoagulation, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 10, October 2020, p2646-2653;
COVID-19 versus HIT (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia) hypercoagulability, Thrombosis Research 2020 Dec; 196: 38-51;
Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in Intensive Care Unit: A report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 7, July 2020, p1738-1742;
Immunothrombosis in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 Coagulopathy (CD177 and NET upregulation in severe COVID-19), NEJM Journal Watch, August 17, 2020;
Immunothrombosis
Immunothrombotic Dysregulation in COVID-19 Pneumonia is Associated With Respiratory Failure and Coagulopathy (granulocytes, neutrophils and platelets), Circulation Vol. 142, Issue 12, September 22, 2020;
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Thromboxane induction
IL-I induces Thromboxane-A2 (TxA2) in COVID-19 causing inflammation and micro-thrombi: inhibitory effect of the IL1-receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 2020 Aug 3;34(5);
Mast cells activated by SARS-CoV-2 release histamine which increases IL-1 levels causing cytokine storm and inflammatory reaction in COVID-19, Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 2020 Sep 18;34(5);
Long-term cardiovascular damage by COVID-19
Outcomes of Cardiovascular MRI'ing in Patients Recently Recovered from COVID-19, JAMA Cardiology, July 27, 2020;
Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19, JAMA, October 5, 2020;
Microthrombosis in COVID-19
The Emerging Threat of (Micro)Thrombosis in COVID-19 and Its Therapeutic Implications, Circulation Research 2020 Jul 31; 127(4): 571-587;
Platelet responses
COVID-19 patients exhibit reduced procoagulant platelet responses, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18 September 2020;
RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) and cardiovascular circulatory disease
β-Arrestin-Biased Angiotensin II (Ang II) Receptor Agonists for COVID-19, Circulation Vol. 142, Issue 4, July 28, 2020;
Sepsis
The Role of Microvascular Thrombosis in Sepsis, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Vol. 32, Issue 5, October 1, 2004;
Stroke
SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with thrombosis and ischemic stroke: A review, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 30 September 2020;
Thrombocytopenia
Exploring possible mechanisms for COVID-19 induced thrombocytopenia: Unanswered questions, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 6, June 2020, p1514-1516;
Treatment options and management
Management of the thrombotic risk associated with COVID-19: guidance for the hemostasis laboratory, Thrombosis Journal 2020; 18: 17;
Plasminogen improves lung lesions and hypoxemia in patients with COVID-19, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine Vol. 113, Issue 8, August 2020, p539-545;
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment for COVID-19 associated ARDS: A case series, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis Vol. 18, Issue 7, July 2020, p1752-1755;
The Anticoagulant Nafamostat Potently Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 S Protein-Mediated Fusion in a Cell Fusion Assay System and Viral Infection in Vitro in a Cell-Type-Dependent Manner, MDPI Viruses 2020 Jun; 12(6):629;
Anticoagulation with argatroban in patients with acute antithrombin deficiency in severe COVID-19, British Journal of Haematology Vol. 190, Issue 5, September 2020, p286-288;
IL-1 induces thromboxane-A2 (TxA2) in COVID-19 causing inflammation and micro-thrombi: inhibitory effect of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents 2020 Aug 3;34(5);
Rescue venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after cardiac arrest in COVID-19 myopericarditis, Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine, 30 September 2020;
Apirin
Use is Associated with Decreased Mechanical Ventilation, ICU Admission,
and In-Hospital Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19, Anesthesia & Analgesia: October 21, 2020;
Is Acetylsalicylic Acid a Safe and Potentially Useful Choice for Adult Patients with COVID-19?, Drugs 80, 1383-1396(2020);
Urokinase pathways towards thrombotic activity
Hypoxia Stimulates Urokinase Receptor Expression Through a Heme Protein-Dependent Pathway, ASH Blood Journal Vol. 91, Issue 9, May 1, 1998;
V and X Factors and therapeutic inhibition options
(Xa Factor) Response to "Studies on hemostasis in COVID-19 careful reporting of the laboratory methods, their significance and their limitation": don't throw the baby out with the bathwater (on testing with anti-Xa kit), Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 28 August 2020;
Dual inhibition of Factor XIIa and Factor XIa as a therapeutic approach for safe thromboprotection, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 12 October 2020;
COVID-19 and Blood Clots (Factor V activity strongest among all clinical parameters), Harvard News & Research September 09, 2020;
