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| So many factors involved! A non-exhaustive overview of factors involved in COVID-19 |
ADAMTS-13
All complications of COVID-19
Overview of lethal human coronaviruses, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2020; 5: 89;
B cell profiles
Illuminating vitamin D effects on B cells- the Multiple Sclerosis perspective, Immunology 2016 Mar; 147(3): 275-284;
Cardiovascular complications of COVID-19
Anticipating the long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19, Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 2020 Sep 3: 1-13;
COVID-19 and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejaction Fraction, JAMA September 30, 2020;
Coagulation
Unique transcriptional changes in coagulation cascade genes in SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells: A potential factor in COVID-19 coagulopathies, NIH MedRvix Preprint, 2020 Jul 7;
COVID-19 and Coagulopathy: FAQ, ASH 24 September 2020;
Development of therapeutics for COVID-19
Challenging pathway towards the identification of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 therapeutics, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Vol. 75, Issue 9, September 2020, p2381-2383;
COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lysosomes and Lysosomotropism Implicate New Treatment Strategies and Personal Risks, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2020 Jul; 21(14): 4953;
SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and advances in developing potential therapeutics and vaccines to counter this emerging pandemic, Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 2020; 19: 40;
Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound repurposing, Nature 586, 113-119(2020);
Embolism
COVID-19 and Pulmonary Embolism: FAQ, 22 September 2020;
Immunology
T-helper type I cytokine release is enhanced by in vitro zinc supplementation due to increased natural killer cells, Nutrition Vol. 23, Issue 2, February 2007, p157-163;
Zinc signals and immune function (NK-, T- and B-cells), BioFactors Vol. 40, Issue 1, January/February 2014, p27-40;
Inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19
Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020 Aug;17(16): 5904;
Inhibitors to explore
Coronaviruses and Nature's Pharmacy for the Relief of COVID-19 (inhibitory properties of natural compounds), Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 2020 Oct 6: 1-19;
Interferon
Attenuated Interferon and Proinflammatory Response in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human Dendritic Cells is Associated with Viral Antagonism of STAT1 Phosphorylation, The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 222, Issue 5, 1 September 2020;
Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19, AAAS Science, 24 Sep 2020 (treatment with injected or nebulized IFN-β may have beneficial effects);
Macrophages
Attenuated
Interferon and Proinflammatory Response in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human
Dendritic Cells is Associated with Viral Antagonism of STAT1
Phosphorylation, The Journal of Infectious Diseases Vol. 222, Issue 5, 1 September 2020;
Nsp3 and STAT1 in cytokine storm syndrome
A Putative Role of de-Mono-ADP-Ribosylation of STAT1 by the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 Protein in the Cytokine Storm Syndrome of COVID-19, Viruses 2020 Jun; 12(6): 646;
Oxidative Stress
Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid and glucose metabolism, The Journal of Physiological Sciences 2018; 68(1): 19-31;
Relations between metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammation and cardiovascular disease, Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Academie voor Geneeskunde van België 2008;70(3):193-219;
Pathogenesis, evolution and structure of SARS-CoV-2
Rampant C > U Hypermutation in the Genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Coronaviruses: Causes and Consequences for their Short- and Long-Term Evolutionary Trajectories, mSphere 2020 May-Jun; 5(3);
Mutation Patterns of Human SARS-CoV-2 and Bat RATG13 Coronavirus Genomes are Strongly Biased Towards C > U Transitions, Indicating Rapid Evolution in Their Hosts, Genes (Basel.) 2020 Jul; 11(7):761;
Molecular epidemiology, evolution and phylogeny of SARS coronavirus, Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2019 Jul; 71: 21-30;
Overview of lethal human coronaviruses, Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2020; 5: 89;
2017 Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus, PLoS Pathogens 2017 Nov;13(11);
Signal hotspot mutations in SARS-CoV-2 evolve as the virus spreads and actively replicates in different parts of the world, Virus Research 2020 Nov; 289: 198170;
Possible treatment options
Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19, MDPI Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2358;
Current State of Evidence: Influence of Nutritional and Nutrigenetic Factors on Immunity in the COVID-19 Pandemic Framework, MDPI Nutrients 2020, 12(9), 2738;
A Hypothesis for the Possible Role of Zinc in the Immunological Pathways Related to COVID-19 Infection, Frontiers in Immunology 2020; 11:1736;
Statin therapy and SARS-CoV-2: an available and potential therapy?, European Heart Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy 2020, May 7 2020;
Nutraceuticals have potential for boosting the Type I Interferon (IFN) response to RNA viruses, including influenza and coronavirus, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2020 May-June; 63(3): 383-385;
Azithromycin and Glucosamine May Amplify the Type I Interferon (IFN) Response to RNA viruses in a complementary fashion, Immunology Letters 2020 Sep 28;
Sepsis and septic shock
Sepsis and septic shock: endothelial molecular pathogenesis associated with vascular microthrombotic disease, Thrombosis Journal 2019; 17: 10;
